ABSTRACT
Objetivo: Describir las fallas en diferentes sistemas de implantes al ser sometidos a fuerzas de torsión creciente, de- terminar el torque en el cual aparece un daño medible en el implante o alguno de sus componentes y especificar la falla más frecuente. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio experi- mental in vitro. Se utilizaron 88 implantes agrupados según diseño y marca comercial (Federa, Rosterdent, Biomet 3i, Tree-Oss, B&W, ML) en 11 grupos de 8 implantes cada uno. Éstos fueron inmovilizados en acrílico y fijados en una pren- sa. Se aplicó una fuerza de torsión creciente con torquímetro de precisión digital hasta la aparición de alguna falla en el implante o sus componentes. Se registró el torque en el que se produjo la falla. Se realizó estadística descriptiva para el análisis de datos. Resultados: El 100% de los implantes o alguno de sus componentes mostraron una falla detectable al ser sometidos a fuerzas de torsión creciente (rango de torque: 83,5 Ncm im- plante con conexión cono morse 8 grados a 384 Ncm implan- te de conexión interna sin montar). El torque promedio más bajo en el que aparecieron los daños fue 103,75 (±8,08) Ncm para implantes de conexión interna tipo cono morse, mientras que el más alto fue 279,87 (±89,73) Ncm para implantes de conexión interna sin montar. La falla más frecuente (28,4%) fue la fractura del tornillo del portaimplante y falseo del hexá- gono externo simultáneamente. Conclusión: Las fallas detectables a fuerzas de torsión creciente ocurrieron entre 83,5 Ncm y 384 Ncm. La falla rei-terada fue la fractura del tornillo del portaimplante y falseo del hexágono simultáneamente (AU)
Aim: To describe the failures in different implant sys- tems when subjected to increasing torsional forces, deter- mine the torque at which measurable damage occurs to the implant or one of its components, and determine the most frequent failure. Materials and methods: This was an experimental in vitro study. A total 88 implants were used, grouped accord- ing to design and trademark (Federa, Rosterdent, Biomet 3i, Tree-Oss, B&W, ML) into 11 groups of 8 implants each. The implants were immobilized in Duralay acrylic and fixed in a vice. Increasing torsional force was applied with a digital pre- cision torque wrench until the occurrence of any failure in the implants or their components. The torque at which the failure occurred was recorded. Descriptive statistics were performed for data analysis. Results: 100% of the implants or any of their compo- nents showed a detectable failure when subjected to increas- ing torsional forces (force range: 83.5 Ncm in an implant with 8-degree Morse taper connection to 384 Ncm in an implant with unmounted internal connection). The lowest average torque at which damage occurred was 103.75 (±8.08) Ncm for conical implants with Morse internal connection, while the highest was 279.87 (±89.73) Ncm for implant with unmounted internal connection. The most frequent failure (28.4%) was fracture of the implant retaining screw and distortion of the external hexagon simultaneously (AU)
Subject(s)
Tensile Strength , Dental Implants , Torsion, Mechanical , In Vitro Techniques , Dental Restoration Failure , TorqueABSTRACT
The introduction of digital technology in Medicine has brought enormous diagnostic and therapeutic advances but also has impacted the practitioner's welfare and important aspects of practice such as patient-physician relations. It has been alarming the increasing reports of physicians and nurse's burnout and associated mental disturbances such as depression and suicidal ideation. Increasing administrative burden brought to the practitioners by the need to document by digital technology patients' encounters has reduced the time of patient-physician relation and substituted by a longer time spend by the provider interacting with a computer. This represents probably one of the major causes of frustration and burnout consequences among health providers, as reported by a recent National Academy of Medicine review, a Mayo Clinic Proceedings study published in 2019, several recent Medscapes physicians surveys and by a panel discussion in the 2018 European Congress of Cardiology among many other publications. Many factors are indeed at play in this complex scenario such as government, payers, hospital facilities rules and regulations, and the way to modify them to create a more provider friendly environment may be long and difficult. Nevertheless, a first step to be considered is to reduce the administrative burden of the providers to free more time for them with their patients The future role of using diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms, some of them already available, to develop platforms of patient management with a reduced or minimal medical provider force is still uncertain and likely subject to controversial value and ethical considerations.
Subject(s)
Humans , Physicians/psychology , Mental Health , Medicine/trends , Burnout, Professional , Cardiologists/psychology , Burnout, PsychologicalABSTRACT
Antecedentes: Inadecuado control de presión arterial (PA) y baja adherencia a tratamiento farmacológico (Rx) en hipertensos son problemas persistentes globales y en Chile. Factores socioeconómicos y psicosociales han sido frecuentemente mencionados, pero escasamente en Chile. Objetivo: Evaluar control de la PA y adherencia a Rx en hipertensos seguidos en el Programa de Salud Cardiovascular (PSCV) y su asociación con factores clínicos, socioeconómicos y psicosociales. Métodos: Muestra randomizada de 1.794 hipertensos seguidos por 1 año en PSCV en Región Metropolitana. Se evaluó la asociación de edad, sexo, educación, ingreso familiar, Rx, diabetes, obesidad, tabaquismo, consumo problemático de alcohol y actividad física con el control de la PA (<140/90 mmHg) y adherencia. Además, en 600 pacientes, se evaluó la asociación con estrés emocional/depre-sión, relación médico-paciente y apoyo social. Se obtuvieron Odds Ratio (OR) mediante análisis de regresión logística multivariante. Resultados: PA controlada se comprobó en 56,5% y adherencia en 37,3% sin documentarse asociación entre ambas (OR 1,01 [IC 95% 0,78 - 1,32]). Factores asociados a PA no controlada y no adherencia fueron: edad, bajo ingreso familiar, inadecuada relación medico-paciente y alto nivel de estrés emocio-nal/depresión. Rx múltiple y obesidad se asociaron a PA no controlada; sexo masculino y baja educación a no adherencia. Conclusiones: El control de la PA (56,5%) fue similar a resultados de países desarrollados y supera ampliamente cifras de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2010 (16,9%). Estos resultados y la falta de asociación entre el control de la PA y la adherencia, sugieren la favorable influencia de otros factores posiblemente relacionados al PSCV.
Background: Unsatisfactory blood pressure (BP) control and low adherence to antihypertensive pharmacotherapy (Rx) in hypertensive populations are persistent problems worldwide and also in Chile. Socioeconomic and psychosocial factors have been frequently mentioned, but with limited contributions from Chile. Objective: The assessment of BP control and adherence to Rx in hypertensive patients followed in the Cardiovascular Health Program (CVHP) and to determine their association with clinical, socioeconomic and psychosocial characteristics. Methods: A randomized sample of 1,794 hypertensive patients followed for 1 year under the CVHP in Metropolitan Region. Association of BP control (<140/90 mmHg) and adherence with age, gender, education, income, Rx, diabetes, obesity, smoking, alcohol use problem and physical activity were analyzed. In a subgroup of 600 patients additional analysis included the association with emotional stress and depression, patient-physician relation and social support. Odds Ratio (OR) were obtained by multivariate logistic regression. Results: BP control was achieved in 56.5% and adherence in 37.3%. No association was found between them (OR 1.01 [CI 95% 0.78-1.32]). Uncontrolled BP and no adherence were associated to advanced age, low income, poor patient-physician relation and high stress-depression. Obesity and multiple Rx were associated to uncontrolled BP. Male gender and low education, were associated to no adherence. Conclusions: BP control (56.5%) was similar to results obtained in developed countries and is strikingly higher than the results reported in the 2010 Chilean National Health Survey (16.9%). These results and the lack of association between BP control and adherence suggest the favorable influence of unaccounted factors, possibly related to the CVHP.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Primary Health Care , Patient Compliance , Arterial Pressure/drug effects , Hypertension/drug therapy , Physician-Patient Relations , Socioeconomic Factors , Logistic Models , Multivariate Analysis , Surveys and Questionnaires , Medication Adherence , Life Style , Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Background: Inadequate blood pressure control in hypertensive patients remains a persistent health problem in Chile and worldwide. Poor adherence to antihypertensive drug therapy is one of the frequently cited factors. Objectives: To determine the influence of psychosocial factors in the adherence to drug therapy in hypertensive patients followed through a Cardiovascular Health Program (CHP) that provides free access to primary care centers located in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile. Methods: Cross sectional study. A randomized sample of 513 hypertensive patients (30 to 68 years) was obtained from a universe of 1.484 patients. Adherence to treatment was determined by the Morisky-Green-Levine test. Demographic, socioeconomic and average values of blood pressure were recorded. Validated questionnaires were utilized to assess the patient-physician relationship, awareness of being hypertensive, patient perception of social support, family cohesion, patient self-health assessment and symptoms of emotional stress and depression. Results: The drug therapy adherence was 36.6%, higher in women (38.4% vs 28.9%; p < 0.001). After multivariate analysis, absence of adherence was associated with male gender (OR: 1.76 [95% CI 1.21-2.56]), low education (OR: 1.72 [95% CI 1.18 to 2.53]), inadequate patient-physician relationship (OR: 1.56 [95% CI 1.13 to 2.27]), and high level of emotional stress and depression (OR: 1.93 [95% CI 1.27 to 2.94]). Conclusions: Our study highlights the influence of inadequate patient-physician relation, high level of emotional stress and depression, low education level and income and male gender in the lack of adherence to antihypertensive drug therapy in hypertensive patients followed throughout the CHP.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Hypertension/drug therapy , Medication Adherence/psychology , Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use , Chile , Cohort Studies , Hypertension/psychology , Medication Adherence/statistics & numerical data , Surveys and Questionnaires , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
Antecedentes: El control de la presión arterial (PA) es fundamental en reducir la morbi-mor-talidad en hipertensos, pero con resultados hasta la fecha insatisfactorios en Chile y en países de alto desarrollo socioeconómico. En Chile se inició en 2002 el Programa de Salud Cardiovascular (PSCV) intentando mejorar el manejo de estos pacientes. Objetivos: Evaluar características sociodemográ-ficas, clínicas, antropométricas, psicosociales y de estilos de vida de un grupo de pacientes participantes en el PSCV, y la influencia de estos factores en el control de la PA. Métodos: Se obtuvo una muestra aleatoria de 525 pacientes (380 mujeres) de un universo de 1.533 hipertensos entre 30 y 68 años bajo seguimiento en el PSCV. Se registraron datos sociodemográficos, clínicos, antropométricos, psicosociales y de estilos de vida a través de evaluación clínica y cuestionarios validados. La PA fue medida utilizando un protocolo estándar por personal entrenado. El análisis estadístico incluyó la predicción del riesgo (Odds RATIO) de PA no controlada por las diversas características estudiadas. Resultados: El 47 por ciento de los pacientes logró una PA controlada (<140/90 mmHg). La presencia de diabetes mellitus (DM) fue documentada en el 38,5 por ciento. Factores predictores significativos de PA no controlada fueron DM, baja educación, inadecuada relación médico paciente y alto nivel de estrés emocional/depresión. Conclusiones: El PSCV ha logrado un avance importante en el control de la PA resaltando la influencia significativa de factores psicosociales. Sin embargo es preocupante la alta proporción de hipertensos diabéticos, su inferior control de PA, y la limitada captación de hombres al programa.
Background: Blood pressure (BP) control is a necessary requirement to reduce cardiovascular events and mortality in hypertensive patients, but so far results have been disappointing in Chile and also in countries with advanced socioeconomic development. Since 2002 a Cardiovascular Health Program (CHP) was launched in Chile attempting to improve the outcomes in these patients. Objectives: To assess the influence of sociodemo-graphic, clinical, anthropometric, psychosocial, lifestyle habits characteristics upon BP control (<140/90 mmHg) in a group of hypertensive patients referred to the CHP. Methods: A cross sectional study of a random sample of 525 hypertensive patients (380 women) obtained from a universe of 1,533 patients with ages ranging from 30 to 68 years was performed. Socio-demographic, clinical, anthropometric, psychosocial and lifestyle habits data were collected through clinical evaluation and validated questionnaires. Trai-ned personnel using standard protocols recorded BP. Adjusted ODDS RATIOS were used to assess theinfluence of different population characteristics upon blood pressure control . Results: A controlled BP (<140/90 mmHg) was achieved in 47 percent of patients, and 38.5 percent presented diabetes mellitus (DM). Significant predictors of uncontrolled BP (>140/90 mmHg) were DM, low education, unsatisfactory patient-physician relation, and high score of emotional stress /depression. Conclusions: In Chile the CHP has achieved an important progress in BP control in hypertensive patients. Psychosocial factors influenced significantly these results. It is concern the high proportion of diabetics in this hypertensive population and their unsatisfactory BP control. The lower proportion of men enrolled in the CHP needs additional analysis and corrective actions.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Arterial Pressure , Hypertension/prevention & control , Primary Health Care/methodsABSTRACT
Antecedentes: Una relación inversa entre estatura y riesgo de mortalidad ha sido establecida en estudios prospectivos de países desarrollados. Sin embargo, dicha asociación prácticamente permanece inexplorada en sociedades latinoamericanas en rápida transición económica y epidemiológica. Diseño: De un universo de 11.600 adultos viviendo en el centro urbano de Mostazal, Chile, se realizó un estudio de cohorte prospectivo de una muestra aleatoria ponderada de 795 sujetos seguidos durante 8 años. Método: Desde 1997 a 1999 se evaluó la estatura (percentiles 50 y 75 por sexo), hipertensión, diabetes, dislipidemia, obesidad, tabaquismo, consumo de alcohol y antecedentes hereditarios de enfermedad cardiovascular. El riesgo relativo de mortalidad por cualquier causa fue estimado a través de modelos de regresión de Cox ajustando por edad, sexo, factores de riesgo, educación e ingreso. Resultados: Se observó una relación inversa entre la estatura adulta y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. En el modelo completamente ajustado el riesgo de mortalidad por cualquier causa asociado a la estatura fue 0,75 (IC 95 por ciento 0,66 - 0,85; p tendencia <0,001). Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular tradicionales solo explicaron 22 por ciento de la asociación inversa establecida entre estatura y mortalidad. Conclusión: En sociedades en transición económica como Chile, la estatura aparece como un factor de riesgo independiente de mortalidad. En esta cohorte de adultos chilenos, los factores de riesgo cardiovascular tradicionales solo explicaron parcialmente la relación inversa entre estatura y mortalidad.
Background: The inverse relationship between height and mortality risk has been well established in developed countries, but remains practically unexplored in Latin American societies. Setting: Chile, 11,600 adults living in the urban centre of Mostazal. Design: Prospective cohort study of a weighted random sample of 795 subjects followed during 8 years. Methods: Height (percentiles 50 and 75 by sex) along hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption and hereditary cardiovascular disease were assessed at baseline. Relative risks of all-cause mortality with 95% confidence intervals were computed in Cox regression models adjusting for age, gender, cardiovascular risk factors and joint-effects of other socioeconomic measures. Results: A significant inverse relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and height was observed. The risk of all cause mortality was 0.75 (95 percent CI 0.66 - 0.85; p-for trend <0.001) after full adjustments. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors explained only 22 percent of the association for height with mortality risk. Conclusions: In this adult cohort, traditional cardiovascular risk factors only explained partially the inverse relationship between height and all-cause mortality. Similar to developed countries, in economic transitioning societies such as Chile, height is an independent risk factor, likely reflecting different early exposure patterns that influence the health status during the life course.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Body Height , Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Analysis of Variance , Chile , Cohort Studies , Developing Countries , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Follow-Up Studies , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Survival AnalysisABSTRACT
While efforts to identify the underlying mechanisms that lead to endovascular atherogenesis continue, the clinical management of the modifiable cardiovascular risk factors should depend on the most advantageous risk-benefit and cost-effective therapies. However these efforts probably will not have a significant impact in the population at risk unless an improvement in the socioeconomic factors of cardiovascular risk occurs. The ongoing global obesity epidemic reinforces the need for these changes. Public and privately sponsored programs and policies to improve education and access to health resources are important components of this process.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cardiovascular Diseases , National Health Programs/standards , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
Objetivo: determinar la magnitud del cambio en la calidad de vida percibida, relacionada con la salud y los recursos administrados en los pacientes egresados de las unidades de cuidado intensivo. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio multicéntrico de cohorte concurrente en pacientes críticamente enfermos en las unidades de cuidado intensivo (UCI) del Hospital Universitario Clínica San Rafael, Hospital Militar Central, Hospital de San José, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá y Clínica del Country, de Bogotá, y la Fundación Valle de Lilly, de Cali. Durante el periodo comprendido entre noviembre de 2004 y octubre de 2006, se enrolaron 291 pacientes, a quienes se les realizaron mediciones de severidad mediante el APACHE II, evaluación de las intervenciones en los primeros tres días mediante el TISS 28, aplicación del SF36 con un recordatorio de cuatro semanas para determinar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud previa al ingreso a la unidad y posteriormente, a los seis meses de egreso de la unidad, para evaluar el cambio en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en cada una de las ocho dimensiones que evalúa el SF36 V.2, determinación de la mortalidad a los 28 días y a los seis meses de egreso de la unidad. El cálculo de tamaño de muestra se efectuó para encontrar diferencias de cinco puntos en cualquiera de las dimensiones, para muestras dependientes y con unas pérdidas por seguimiento y mortalidad estimadas en un 15%. Resultados: la mortalidad al egreso de UCI se situó en un 11,8%, a los 28 días en un 17,1% y finalmente, a los seis meses en un 25%; 176 pacientes contestaron a los seis meses nuevamente la encuesta del SF36. En los tres grupos de pacientes se observó un deterioro tanto clínico como estadísticamente significativo en el rol físico; sin embargo, en la estratificación por grupos de enfermedades por la cual se había ingresado al paciente, se observó que los pacientes de trauma deterioran la calidad de vida en todas las dimensiones con las siguientes diferencias: función física: 33.6, p (0.001); rol físico: 54.5, p <(0.001); dolor corporal: 47.5, p <(0.001); salud general: 32.4, p <(0.001); vitalidad: 32.5, p <(0.001); función social: 42, p <(0.001); rol emocional: 34.4, p <(0.001) y salud mental: 29.1, p <(0.001). En cuanto a los recursos administrados evaluados por la puntuación del TISS 28 y promedios de estancia, se observaron diferencias significativas en los pacientes con trauma, cuando se compararon con los pacientes ingresados por enfermedades de tipo médico y de tipo quirúrgico, teniendo los pacientes de trauma mayor intervención, y por ende mayores costos de atención, pero menores estancias; no se encontraron diferencias significativas en cuanto a la severidad entre los pacientes con enfermedades de tipo médico, de tipo quirúrgico y de trauma. Conclusiones: en nuestro medio, los pacientes de trauma que ingresan a las unidades de cuidado intensivo presentan un significativo deterioro clínico en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, en las ocho dimensiones evaluadas seis meses después del egreso, tiempo suficiente en el cual su condición física y mental se ha estabilizado; adicionalmente, estos pacientes consumen de manera significativa mayores recursos cuando se les compara con los pacientes con enfermedades de tipo médico y quirúrgico, lo que demuestra que el trauma en nuestro medio resulta costoso en todos los sentidos: en la atención inicial, demandando mayor uso de recursos, en los resultados obtenidos a largo plazo, en lo referente a la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud y en el tipo de pacientes afectados, quienes por lo general, son pacientes jóvenes con capacidad productiva.
Objective: to determine the magnitude of the change in the perceived quality of life related with health conditions and with the administered resources, in patients discharged from the intensive care units. Methods and material: a multicentric, concurrent cohort study was made in critically ill patients at the intensive care units (ICU) of the Hospital Universitario Clinica San Rafael, Hospital Militar Central, Hospital de San Jose, Fundacion Santa Fe de Bogotá, and Clinica del Country of Bogota, and La Fundacion Valle de Lilly of Cali, Colombia. During the period between November 2004 and October 2006, 291 patients were enrolled. The severity of their condition was assessed by means of APACHE II. The interventions performed during the first three days were assessed by means of TISS 28. The SF36 was applied with a reminder of 4 weeks in order to determine the quality of life with regard to the health condition prior to admission into the unit. It was also applied six months after discharge from the unit, in order to evaluate changes in the quality of life with regard to health in each one of eight dimensions assessed by SF36 V.2. Mortality was determined at 28 days and six months after discharge from the unit. Calculation of the sample size was made to find differences of 5 points in any of the dimensions, for dependent samples and with losses due to follow-up and mortality estimated at 15%. Results: mortality was 11,8% at discharge from the ICU, 17,1% at 28 days, and 25% at six months. 176 patients answered the SF36 survey at six months. Clinical and statistically significant deterioration of the physical role was observed. Nevertheless, when stratification was performed according to the type of disease due to which the patient had been admitted into the ICU, it was found that the quality of life of patients with trauma worsened with regard to all dimensions: physical function: 33.6, p (0.001); physical role: 54.5, p<(0.001); corporal pain: 47.5, p <(0.001); general health: 32.4, p < (0.001); vitality: 32.5, p <(0.001); social function: 42, p<(0.001); emotional role: 34.4 p<(0.001) and mental health: 29.1, p <(0.001). With regard to the administered resources evaluated by the TISS 28 score and averages of stay, significant differences in patients with trauma were observedwith regard to patients admitted due to diseases of medical and surgical type. Trauma patients received more intervention and therefore were more costly, but had shorter ICU stays. There were no significant differences with regard to severity between patients with diseases of medical type, surgical type and trauma. Conclusions: In our milieu, trauma patients admitted into intensive care units show a significant clinical deterioration in their quality of life related with health, in the eight dimensions assessed six months after discharge. This period of time is considered to be enough for the stabilization of their physical and mental condition. Moreover, utilization of resources by these patients is significantly greater than that of patients with diseases of medical of surgical type. This demonstrates that, in our milieu, trauma is expensive in every sense: its initial attention demands greater use of resources; its long-term consequences with regard to quality of life are more serious, taking into account the fact that these patients are generally young people with productive capacity.
ABSTRACT
Antecedentes: Medidas antropométricas de adiposidad como índice de masa corporal (IMC), circunferencia de cintura (CC), razón cintura-cadera (RCC) y razón cintura-estatura (RCE) son conocidas por estar asociadas a factores de riesgo metabólico. Sin embargo, es controversial cual de ellas es mejor para predecir riesgo cardiovascular y mortalidad. Método: En este estudio de cohorte prospectivo con una muestra ponderada de 6714 hombres y 6340 mujeres, examinamos la relación entre índices antropométricos de adiposidad, factores de riesgo cardiovascular y mortalidad. Calculamos el área bajo la curva ROC (Receiving Operating Characteristic) evaluando el desempeño de cada índice para detectar hipertensión, diabetes o dislipidemia. El riesgo relativo de mortalidad con intervalos de confianza al95 por ciento (IC95 por ciento) fue calculado utilizando regresión logística controlando por edad y factores de riesgo. Resultados: En hombres, las áreas bajo la curva ROC para detectar uno o más factores de riesgo fueron: IMC 0.75 (0.74-0.77), CC 0.85 (0.84-0.86), RCC 0.80 (0.79-0.81) y RCE 0.90 (0.89-0.91). En mujeres esas áreas fueron 0,72 (0,71-0,74), 0,77 (0,76-0,79), 0,65 (0,63-0,66) y 0,81 (0,80-0,82) respectivamente. Durante 8 años de seguimiento (670 muertes, 362 hombres), el riesgo multivariado de mortalidad para IMC, CC, RCC y RCE fue en hombres 0,81 (0,58-1,10), 1,27 (0,93-1,74), 0,89 (0,66-1,21) y 2,37 (1,61-3,49) respectivamente. En mujeres, el riesgo para IMC, CC, RCC, RCE fue 0,95 (0,70-1,27), 1,35 (1,00-1,85), 1,54 (1,17-2,16), y 1,56 (1,13-2,26) respectivamente. Conclusiones: El ajuste de la CC por la estatura permite predecir con mayor precisión factores de riesgo cardiovascular y mortalidad. Se propone un nomograma para adultos chilenos.
Background: Several obesity anthropometric measures like body-mass-index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) are known to be associated with metabolic risk factors. However, it remains controversial which of these markers is better to predict cardiovascular risk factors and mortality. Methods: In this prospective observational study with a weighted random sample of 6714 men and 6340 women (San Francisco de Mostazal, Chile), we examined the relation between obesity anthropometric measures, cardiovascular risk factors and all-cause mortality. We calculated area under curve ROC (Receiving Operating Characteristic) to evaluate performance of anthropometric measures for detecting one or more cardiovascular risk factors. Multivariate risks for mortality were calculated with logistic regression models controlling for age and cardiovascular risk factors. Results: In men, areas under curve ROC for detecting one or more risk factors at the baseline were: BMI 0.85 (0.74-0.77), WC 0.85 (0.84-0.86), WHR 0.80 (0.79-0.81) and WHtR 0.90 (0.89-0.91). In women, these areas were respectively 0,72 (0,71-0,74), 0,77 (0,76-0,79), 0,65 (0,63-0,66) and 0,81 (0,80-0,82). During 8 years of follow-up (670 deaths, 362 men), multivariate risks with 95 percent confidence intervals (95%CI) for BMI, WC, WHR, and WHtR were respectively in men 0,80 (0,58-1,10), 1,27 (0,93-1,74), 0,89 (0,66-1,21) and 2,37 (1,61-3,49). In women, multivariate risks for BMI, WC, WHR and WHtR were respectively 0,95 (0,70-1,27), 1,35 (1,00-1,85), 1,54 (1,17-2,16), and 1,56 (1,13-2,26). Conclusions: In this prospective cohort study, adjusting WC for body height was the best way for predicting cardiovascular risk factors and all-cause mortality in Chilean adults.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anthropometry , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Nomograms , Waist-Hip Ratio , Chile/epidemiology , Diabetes Complications/epidemiology , Dyslipidemias/complications , Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Hypertension/complications , Logistic Models , Longitudinal Studies , Predictive Value of Tests , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , ROC Curve , Sex DistributionABSTRACT
Background: The socioeconomic position (SEP) and educational level of individuals have an inverse correlation with mortality in developed societies. Aim To assess in a society undergoing a socioeconomic transition, the mortality risk associated to a low SEP (combination of education and income, scale 0-25 points, reference > 10 points) and low education (education years, reference > 8 years), adjusting for other known risk factors. Material and methods: In this prospective cohort study, a random sample of 920 subjects, living in San Francisco de Mostazal, Chile, aged more than 20years (395 males) was examined for the first time in 1997-1999 and re-examined in 2005-2006. All had information about economic household income and level of education. A Cox regression model was used to evaluate the association between mortality and socioeconomic measures. Results: The crude mortality hazard ratio (HR) was 3.34 (95 percent confidence interval (CI) 2.88-3.87) and 6.05 (95 percent CI 5.04-7.26) for low SEP and low educational level, respectively. After adjusting for age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, smoking, alcohol intake and family history of cardiovascular disease, the figures were 1.23 (95 percent CI 1.04-1.43) and 1.54 (95 percent CI 1.23-1.85) for low SEP and low educational level, respectively. Conclusions: In a society in socioeconomic transition, low SEP and especially low educational level are risk factors for mortality even after adjusting for known mortality risk factors.